Dify vs Coze Studio

Dify is the better fit for a team that needs an actively released, self-hosted agent and workflow builder with an enterprise path. Coze Studio suits teams that accept Apache 2.0 terms, a stalled release record and the security work a public-facing install demands.

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Dify vs Coze Studio: when each one fits

Maintenance status is the deciding fact in this shortlist. Coze Studio's latest release is v0.5.1, published on February 5, 2026, and GitHub shows its last push on July 29, 2026. Dify published 1.17.0 on August 25, 2026 and 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026, and its minor releases arrive roughly monthly. If your team needs a visual agent and workflow builder that receives regular fixes for the next several years, Dify is the safer base today. Coze Studio can still be the better fit for a team that wants its Apache 2.0 code, its Go backend and its Coze-derived agent model, and that is willing to own patching and security review itself.

Choose Dify when the decision turns on a steady release cadence, a clear commercial path and a stack your operators already know. Its self-hosted Community edition is free but limited to a single workspace, and its modified Apache License 2.0 forbids operating a multi-tenant environment from the source without written authorization. If you plan to serve several business units or external customers from one install, confirm with LangGenius whether that use needs a commercial license or Dify Enterprise. Dify Enterprise adds SSO, multiple workspaces and professional support, and its SSO documentation lists OpenID Connect, SAML and OAuth2. Ask the vendor for its current edition terms in writing before you size the deployment.

Choose Coze Studio when the license and code ownership matter more than the release record, and your team can take on that maintenance. Its README is explicit that deploying on a public network carries risks including open account registration, Python execution in workflow code nodes, SSRF and horizontal privilege escalation, so plan a security assessment and keep it on a private network. Some features, such as tone customization, are limited to the commercial Coze version, so check the feature comparison against the agents you intend to build. Before committing, run a short pilot: confirm your identity needs, your capacity to harden and patch the stack, and the upgrade path you would follow if no new release arrives.

Which platform fits which team scenario

This table matches common team scenarios to the platform that fits better and the supplied fact that decides it. Read each row against your workspace count, identity requirements, public exposure and tolerance for maintenance risk. Coze Studio's Apache 2.0 license is simpler on multi-tenant questions, but its latest release dates from February 2026, which weighs against it for new builds.

Team scenarioBetter fitFact that drives it
Internal AI tool for one workspaceDify, on Community editionCommunity edition is free and limited to one workspace. Minor releases arrive roughly monthly, with 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026.
Multi-team internal platformDify EnterpriseCommunity is capped at one workspace. Enterprise adds multiple workspaces and multi-workspace management.
Team that needs SSO and workspace separationDify EnterpriseEnterprise SSO documents OpenID Connect, SAML and OAuth2, with separate scopes for workspace and web app access. Confirm equivalent identity options for Coze Studio before choosing it.
Customer-facing or public deploymentNeither without a security reviewCoze Studio's README warns of open registration, Python execution in code nodes, SSRF and privilege escalation on public networks.
Team that must avoid multi-tenant licensing questionsCoze Studio, on license terms aloneCoze Studio is Apache 2.0. Dify's license bars operating a multi-tenant environment from its source without written authorization.
Team planning a multi-year internal buildDifyCoze Studio's latest release is v0.5.1 from February 5, 2026. Its repository was last pushed on July 29, 2026, while Dify shipped 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026.

How each platform is built and what that means for operations

Dify and Coze Studio both ship as Docker-based stacks, but they differ in how many moving parts you keep running and how many choices you make at install time. The cards below cover the components, the minimum host sizing and the configuration points that shape upgrades and troubleshooting.

Dify's multi-service Compose stack

A Dify deployment runs the api, worker, web, plugin daemon and sandbox services alongside PostgreSQL, Redis, Weaviate, Nginx and an SSRF proxy. That is a larger set of containers than most teams expect from a single application, so every service is something you monitor, patch and back up. When you troubleshoot, check which container is failing before changing application settings. Confirm the image versions you pin and how you roll them forward, since the project ships minor releases roughly monthly.

Coze Studio's Go and React split

Coze Studio pairs a Go backend with a React and TypeScript frontend, organized as microservices following domain-driven design. For your team, the question is whether engineers who will debug it can read Go services and the React frontend, and whether you have the skills to patch either layer. Ask the vendor or your own build team which services you must run in production and how the services are versioned together, because a mixed upgrade can break one layer while the other still works.

Port 8888 and the web entry point

After deployment, Coze Studio serves its web interface on port 8888. Put that port behind your reverse proxy, TLS termination and access controls rather than exposing it directly, because the project's own README warns about open registration on public networks. Plan firewall rules, certificate handling and health checks around this one entry point, and confirm which ports the stack needs internally before you open anything to users.

Shared sizing: 2 cores and 4 GB

Both platforms list a minimum of 2 CPU cores and 4 GB of RAM for their base deployment. That minimum covers a test or small pilot, not a production stack with a database, cache, vector store and sandbox running together. Size production hosts from your own load tests and budget separately for the database, vector store and file storage. Ask each vendor what changes at higher concurrency and how the sandbox and vector store scale.

Dify's swappable storage and vector choices

Dify lets you choose the metadata database (PostgreSQL by default, with MySQL or OceanBase as options), the file storage backend and the vector store, which defaults to Weaviate and can be set to Qdrant, Milvus, pgvector, OpenSearch or Elasticsearch. Each choice changes your backup scope, your upgrade testing and your on-call runbook. Pick these options at install time and document them, because switching the metadata database or vector store later is a migration project, not a configuration edit. Coze Studio does not offer a comparable published option list, so confirm its storage layout directly with the project before you plan backups.

Side-by-side capability and maintenance comparison

This table compares Dify and Coze Studio on license, release recency, deployment prerequisites, data store options, identity integration, enterprise-only features and documented security guidance. Where the documented material is silent, the cell says so and names what to confirm with the vendor or project. The main takeaway: Dify has a recent release line and documented enterprise SSO, while Coze Studio's latest release dates from February 2026.

CapabilityDifyCoze Studio
LicenseModified Apache 2.0 (Dify Open Source License). Multi-tenant operation and removing console logo or copyright require written authorization.Apache 2.0, per the project README.
Latest release1.17.1, released September 10, 2026.v0.5.1, released February 5, 2026.
Last repository activityMinor releases about monthly: 1.16.0 (July 17, 2026), 1.17.0 (August 25, 2026), 1.17.1 (September 10, 2026).Last repository push July 29, 2026. No release since February 5, 2026, so confirm the maintenance plan before adopting.
Deployment prerequisitesAt least 2 CPU cores, 4 GB RAM and Docker Compose 2.24.0 or later. Starts PostgreSQL, Redis, Weaviate, Nginx, code sandbox and SSRF proxy with the app services.At least 2 CPU cores, 4 GB RAM, Docker and Docker Compose. Web interface on port 8888 after deployment.
Metadata and vector store optionsMetadata: PostgreSQL (default), MySQL or OceanBase. Vector store: Weaviate (default), Qdrant, Milvus, pgvector, OpenSearch or Elasticsearch.Not confirmed here. Ask the project for supported metadata databases and vector stores.
Documented identity integrationCommunity edition not covered here. Enterprise SSO supports OpenID Connect, SAML and OAuth2, with Microsoft Entra ID, Okta and GitHub.Not confirmed here. Check login options and any SSO support with the project before deciding.
Enterprise-only featuresCommunity is limited to one workspace. Enterprise adds SSO, multiple workspaces, advanced security, a commercial license and professional support.README says some features, such as tone customization, are limited to commercial Coze. Request the full difference list.
Documented security guidanceRelease 1.16.1 added agent sandbox network isolation, token-based inter-service API authentication and sandboxed Jinja2 rendering. SECRET_KEY and SSRF proxy settings are documented.README warns of open registration, Python execution in code nodes, SSRF and horizontal privilege escalation on public networks. Assess these before exposure.

What each license allows and what each edition adds

Dify is released under the Dify Open Source License, a modified Apache License 2.0. The modification matters for two uses. The license forbids using the source code to operate a multi-tenant environment, where one tenant is one workspace, without written authorization from the licensor. It also forbids removing or modifying the logo or copyright information in the Dify console. Internal use of a single-workspace deployment falls outside those restrictions, but a team that plans to offer Dify to several internal business units or external customers as separate workspaces should read the license text before the build starts.

  • Multi-tenant operation: Running one Dify source deployment that hosts multiple tenants requires written authorization under the license.
  • Console branding: Removing or altering the logo or copyright in the console is restricted, which affects white-label plans.
  • Commercial license: Those two cases are where a commercial license from the vendor comes into play.
  • Community edition scope: The free self-hosted Community edition is limited to a single workspace.
  • Enterprise edition scope: Enterprise adds SSO, multiple workspaces, advanced security, a commercial license and professional support. Pricing is custom, so request a written quote that lists which of these you need.

Before committing, confirm with the vendor whether your intended use counts as multi-tenant under the license and whether the Community single-workspace limit fits your rollout.

What drives the running cost of each platform

The running cost of a self-hosted Dify or Coze Studio deployment comes from four places: the infrastructure you pay for, the staff time spent on upgrades and hardening, a Dify Enterprise license if you need more than one workspace, and the model provider bills that both platforms pass through to you. Start the quote conversation with the first two, because they are where most of the recurring work sits. For infrastructure, Dify's Docker Compose guide asks for at least 2 CPU cores and 4 GiB of RAM, but that minimum is for the stack it starts: the api, worker, web and plugin services plus PostgreSQL, Redis, Weaviate, Nginx, a code sandbox and an SSRF proxy. Coze Studio's README gives 2 CPU cores and 4 GB of RAM as its minimum, with Docker Compose as the runtime. Size both against the containers each one actually starts, not the headline minimum.

Setup is largely one-time work: provisioning, configuring the metadata database, file storage and vector store, wiring up identity, and hardening. Dify's environment reference lets you swap the vector store from the Weaviate default to Qdrant, Milvus or pgvector, which changes what you operate. Recurring cost is driven by the release cadence. Dify has shipped minor releases roughly monthly (1.16.0 on July 17, 2026, 1.17.0 on August 25, 2026, 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026), so each one needs a test window. Coze Studio's latest release is v0.5.1 from February 5, 2026, so its recurring work is different: you would carry the patching and security review yourself, and you should check the repository's activity before you commit.

Ask any quote for the following: the Dify Enterprise scope if you need more than one workspace, since the Community edition is limited to a single workspace and Enterprise adds SSO, multiple workspaces and professional support; the support level and response expectations in writing; and a security review of any public exposure. The Coze Studio README warns about open account registration, Python execution in code nodes, SSRF and horizontal privilege escalation on public networks, so price that review as a named line item. Confirm with each vendor how model provider charges are billed to you, and ask the provider whether its API keys are managed by your team or by the platform.

How to move agent flows from Coze Studio to Dify

This sequence moves each Coze agent and workflow into a Dify app that your team has tested, with its credentials held in Dify's configuration. Work runs in order so that no flow goes live before its dependencies, secrets and tests are in place.

  1. Inventory every Coze agent and workflow

    Someone who owns the Coze Studio instance lists every agent and workflow in use, along with the plugins, prompts, knowledge bases and model settings each one depends on. Mark which flows are used daily, which are experimental and which depend on features your Coze edition may not include, such as tone customization that the Coze Studio README says is limited to the commercial version. The output is a single inventory sheet with one row per flow and a named owner for each row.

  2. Confirm what Coze exports actually contain

    Before any rebuild starts, test the export path on one simple flow in your own Coze Studio instance. Check whether prompts, workflow graphs, plugin definitions and knowledge base documents come out as usable files, and record what does not. Treat Coze export formats as Coze's own format, and do not assume Dify will import them. Confirm the exact export behavior with the Coze Studio maintainers or by testing it yourself. The output is a short note listing each asset type as exportable, partly exportable or rebuild by hand.

  3. Stand up Dify with a fixed SECRET_KEY

    Deploy the Dify Community edition with Docker Compose on hardware that meets the documented minimum of 2 CPU cores and 4 GB of RAM, using Docker Compose 2.24.0 or later. Set SECRET_KEY in the environment file before the first start. Dify uses it to sign session cookies and JWTs and to encrypt OAuth credentials, and changing it after deployment logs out all users. Keep the value in your secrets manager. Confirm that the instance is reachable only from networks your team controls before any flow is imported.

  4. Rebuild flows in Dify's visual builder

    Recreate each inventoried flow in Dify, starting with the lowest-risk flow so the team learns the builder before the complex ones. Move prompts across as text, rebuild workflow branches in Dify's visual builder and reattach each knowledge base to a Dify knowledge base. Replace Coze plugins with Dify tools or custom integrations, since their definitions do not carry over automatically. Keep a mapping sheet from each Coze asset to its Dify equivalent. The output is a Dify app for each flow with a matching row in that sheet.

  5. Map model credentials and secrets

    Re-enter each model provider key in Dify's model provider settings, and do not copy keys from Coze exports or old configuration files. Coze Studio's model service integrates providers such as OpenAI and Volcengine, so list each provider your flows call and confirm that Dify supports it for your account. Store workspace encryption keys and API keys in the location your security policy requires. Review any SSRF_PROXY settings so that outbound calls from flows still reach the services they need. The output is a credential register with one entry per provider and an owner for each.

  6. Re-test each flow before cutover

    Run every rebuilt Dify flow against the same test inputs you used in Coze Studio, and compare outputs, retrieval results and tool calls. Review the Coze Studio README warning list before exposing Dify to users, including open account registration, Python execution in workflow code nodes and SSRF or privilege escalation risks, and confirm each control in your Dify deployment. Record failures and fix them before the next step. The output is a signed test record per flow, reviewed by someone outside the rebuild team.

  7. Cut over users in stages

    Move users from each Coze flow to its Dify equivalent in small groups, starting with the flows whose tests passed cleanly. Keep the Coze Studio instance read-only and available for reference until every flow in the inventory has a passing test record and an owner who accepts it. Tell users which URL and flow name replace the old ones. The output is a cutover log listing each flow, the date it moved and the person who approved the move, along with a decision on when to retire the Coze instance.

Security risks to assess before any public Coze Studio deployment

The Coze Studio README names four risks that apply when the platform is exposed to a public network. Each one maps to a control class that the team must verify in its own environment, and Dify's documented controls address some of the same classes, but neither platform removes the need for the team's own testing.

Open account registration

The Coze Studio README warns that a public deployment carries the risk of open account registration. On an internal install, the team controls who can reach the login page and who receives an account. On a public install, anyone who can reach port 8888 may be able to create an account and use the workflow and model features. Check whether self-registration can be disabled, who approves accounts, and whether the team's identity provider can gate access before the service is reachable.

Python execution in code nodes

The README flags Python execution inside workflow code nodes as a risk on public networks. A workflow author who can add code nodes can run Python on the server, so the question is what that code can reach. For an internal install, the team limits authors to trusted staff. For a public install, verify whether code runs in an isolated sandbox, what network access it has, and which secrets and files are reachable from the runtime.

Server-side request forgery

The README lists SSRF as a public-network risk, meaning a workflow or plugin could make the server call internal services or metadata endpoints on the team's network. Dify documents an SSRF proxy that routes outbound requests through a proxy blocking internal and private IP ranges, and its 1.16.1 notes describe sandbox network isolation through a Squid proxy. Coze Studio's equivalent outbound controls should be confirmed in its configuration, then tested with requests to internal addresses.

Horizontal privilege escalation

Horizontal privilege escalation means one user reaches another user's agents, workflows, knowledge bases or conversations at the same permission level. The README names this risk for public deployments. Internally, the exposure is smaller but still real across teams. Test whether one account can open, edit or call another account's resources by changing identifiers in requests, and confirm how workspaces and resource ownership are separated in both platforms.

Dify's controls and the same risk classes

Dify's documented controls cover some of the same classes: the SSRF proxy, sandbox network isolation and token-based authentication between services from the 1.16.1 notes. Those controls reduce exposure but do not prove that a given deployment is safe, and the Community edition is limited to a single workspace, so isolation between teams is a separate question. Verify each control in the team's own deployment, and do not assume a Dify control applies to Coze Studio.

Testing both platforms before exposure

Neither platform's documentation replaces the team's own testing. Before any public exposure, run authenticated and unauthenticated tests against the web interface and APIs, attempt requests to internal addresses, probe code execution limits and check cross-account access. Record the results, fix findings, and repeat the tests after each upgrade. DeployOpen offers application and API security testing as a fixed-scope engagement if the team wants an independent test.

Where implementation projects usually run long

Dify projects tend to slip at identity and workspace design more than at installation. The Docker Compose stack starts the api, worker, web, plugin daemon, PostgreSQL, Redis, Weaviate, Nginx, a code sandbox and an SSRF proxy, with a documented minimum of 2 CPU cores, 4 GB of RAM and Docker Compose 2.24.0 or later. Model providers, file storage and the vector store are set through environment variables, and the metadata database can be PostgreSQL, MySQL or OceanBase, so settle that choice before data exists. Identity is the common stall point. The community edition is limited to a single workspace, while SSO and multiple workspaces belong to Dify Enterprise. Confirm which edition covers your workspace model, and treat SECRET_KEY as a decision made once, because changing it after deployment logs out all users.

Coze Studio installs with a lighter checklist, the same 2 CPU cores and 4 GB of RAM plus Docker and Docker Compose, with the web interface on port 8888. The slower work is hardening. The README warns that public deployment carries risks including open account registration, Python execution in workflow code nodes, SSRF and horizontal privilege escalation, and recommends assessing them first. Before any user arrives, run that assessment, then decide who may register, who may author code nodes, which outbound paths the server may reach, and how account boundaries are tested. The README does not describe equivalent sandbox or proxy settings to the ones Dify ships, so confirm what exists in the repository and in your own tests before you rely on it.

Upgrades and migration are where budgets move. Dify's minor releases arrived roughly monthly in the recent cycle: 1.16.0 on July 17, 2026, 1.17.0 on August 25, 2026 and 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026, so plan a recurring test window with a PostgreSQL and vector store backup before each change, and read the Dify releases notes for security changes. Coze Studio's latest tagged release is v0.5.1 from February 5, 2026, and its last recorded push was July 29, 2026, so a Coze Studio deployment needs an internal owner who can apply fixes without waiting on a vendor. If you move flows between the two, rebuilding prompts, plugins and workflow nodes is the usual slip, so inventory flows and capture test outputs first. DeployOpen's fixed-scope engagements agree scope, deliverables and timelines in writing before work starts.

Questions buyers ask before choosing between Dify and Coze Studio

Is Coze Studio still maintained, and what should I confirm before choosing it?

Coze Studio's latest release is v0.5.1, published on February 5, 2026, after v0.5.0 on October 29, 2025, and GitHub shows the last push to the repository on July 29, 2026. Treat that as a maintenance signal to verify, not a settled answer. Before you commit, confirm with the repository and its security contacts whether open security issues have fixes, whether the fixes you need are merged, and how the project plans to handle future releases. The README also warns that public deployments carry risks, including open account registration, Python execution in workflow code nodes, SSRF and horizontal privilege escalation. If you adopt Coze Studio, plan to own patching and hardening yourself for as long as you run it.

Is Dify Community enough for internal use?

For many internal tools, yes, as long as the deployment stays within one workspace. The self-hosted Community edition is free and limited to a single workspace, according to the Dify pricing page. Its license also forbids operating a multi-tenant environment from the source without written authorization, where one tenant is one workspace, and forbids removing or modifying the logo or copyright in the console. Confirm that your use fits one workspace and that you will keep the console branding intact. The cost you carry is infrastructure and operations: the Docker Compose deployment asks for at least 2 CPU cores and 4 GB of RAM, plus Docker Compose 2.24.0 or later, and it starts PostgreSQL, Redis, Weaviate, Nginx and several other services.

What makes Dify Enterprise necessary for a self-hosted team?

Choose Dify Enterprise when you need features that only the Enterprise edition includes: SSO, multiple workspaces, advanced security, a commercial license and professional support. Enterprise can also be deployed on Kubernetes for high availability. Its SSO documentation lists OpenID Connect, SAML and OAuth2, with identity providers such as Microsoft Entra ID, Okta and GitHub, and separate SSO scopes for workspace access and web app access. Pricing for self-hosted Enterprise is custom, so the cost comes from a quote. Ask for it in writing, with the number of workspaces, the SSO protocols and identity providers, the support level and the target platform. Any multi-tenant use still requires written authorization under the license, whichever edition you run.

What does running either platform need from our internal team?

Both platforms need container operations skills. For Dify, the team must operate the stack and choose its components through environment variables. Key decisions include the metadata database (PostgreSQL by default, or MySQL or OceanBase), file storage, and the vector store (Weaviate by default, or Qdrant, Milvus, pgvector and others). Changing SECRET_KEY after deployment logs out all users, so set it before go-live. For Coze Studio, the team needs Docker and Docker Compose, with the same 2 CPU core and 4 GB RAM minimum, and the web interface is served on port 8888. If you plan to modify code, Coze Studio's backend is written in Go and its frontend in React and TypeScript, on a microservices architecture. Dify releases minor versions roughly monthly, for example 1.17.0 on August 25, 2026 and 1.17.1 on September 10, 2026, so budget staff time for regular upgrades.

How long do an installation and first workflows take, and what sets that duration?

No researched figure is available for installation or first-workflow duration on either platform, so confirm any estimate in writing. The main drivers are whether the host already meets the published minimums, whether you use external PostgreSQL, Redis and object storage or the bundled defaults, and how many model providers and credentials you must connect. Workflow count matters too: each flow, knowledge base and plugin you port or rebuild adds testing time. For Coze Studio, the security review of public-network risks described in its README adds work before any exposure. For Dify Enterprise, SSO integration with your identity provider adds a further step. Ask for a scope with named deliverables and milestones before agreeing on timing. DeployOpen agrees scope, deliverables and timelines in writing before work starts, most engagements are fixed-scope, and its quote follows from that written scope.

Can our team self-implement, or do we need outside help?

Your team can self-implement if it already runs containers, can own upgrades and can maintain security hardening after go-live. The work includes setting SECRET_KEY and other secrets, checking that outbound requests use the SSRF proxy, keeping the vector store and metadata database patched and backing them up. For Coze Studio, the team also needs to assess the risks named in its README before any public exposure and to decide who fixes issues the project no longer addresses. Outside help is an option when you want the work done as a defined engagement. DeployOpen plans, implements, customizes, integrates, hardens, backs up, upgrades, documents and supports self-hosted open-source platforms inside your infrastructure. Most engagements are fixed-scope, and ongoing support and upgrades are available as retainers.

How is switching between Dify and Coze Studio scoped?

No researched fact describes an automated import or export path between Dify and Coze Studio, so treat switching as a rebuild until your own testing shows otherwise. Start with an inventory of apps, workflows, prompts, plugins, knowledge bases, model connections, users and stored data. Then decide which items to rebuild in Dify, which to retire and which to keep as reference. Cost drivers include the number of flows to recreate, the knowledge bases to re-ingest into the new vector store, the testing of each rebuilt flow, the cutover window and the retention of logs and data from the old system. Ask any implementation partner for a written migration inventory and a fixed scope for each stage before you agree to the work.

How DeployOpen helps teams choose and implement a self-hosted agent builder

DeployOpen plans, implements, hardens and documents self-hosted open-source platforms inside the client's own infrastructure. For Dify vs Coze Studio, we start from your use cases and maintenance requirements, then carry the chosen builder through a written, fixed-scope engagement.

How we scope

  • We confirm which agent and workflow use cases the team needs, and whether they are internal tools or public-facing apps.
  • The written scope names the license conditions that apply to your intended use, including multi-tenant operation and console branding.
  • We document the infrastructure target, such as your cloud account, data center or air-gapped network, before any work starts.

How we build

  • We deploy the chosen builder with its databases, vector store and sandbox services sized to the hardware you provide.
  • We review the outbound request controls, secret handling and sandbox isolation settings against the vendor's documentation.
  • For a public-facing deployment, we test the risks the vendor's own README names, such as open registration and code execution in workflows.

How we hand over

  • We deliver configuration records, runbooks for upgrades and backups, and a written summary of the security test results.
  • The handover covers the decision record that explains why the platform was chosen and what would trigger a re-evaluation.
  • Your team receives documented steps for moving workflows if the maintenance status of the platform changes later.

How we support

  • Ongoing support, upgrades and continuous testing are available as a retainer, scoped in writing.
  • We track vendor releases and the maintenance status of the platform, and we report changes against your agreed scope.
  • Quotes follow from the written scope, so ask us to itemize one-time setup, testing and recurring retainer costs separately.

Talk to our team.

Tell us what you're working on, whether it's a deployment, an audit, a security test or a cyber range. You'll speak with an engineer who can help you scope it.

  • 30-minute call: free, with no obligation.
  • NDA on request: we can sign before you share details.
  • Clear next steps: a scope and plan after the call.