164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C) Sanction policy

The sanction policy is a required HIPAA Security Rule specification. It asks you to apply appropriate, consistently documented sanctions when workforce members fail to follow security policies, and it is judged on the record you keep.

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What the HIPAA sanction policy requires and why assessors check it

164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C) requires covered entities and business associates to apply appropriate sanctions against workforce members who fail to comply with their security policies and procedures. It is a required implementation specification under the security management process standard, so it cannot be skipped or marked as optional. The rule addresses a simple failure pattern: if a workforce member can ignore access rules, password practices or handling procedures without consequence, every other technical and administrative control becomes harder to defend. The rule does not prescribe the sanctions themselves. It leaves the entity to decide what is appropriate for its size, roles and risk, which means the entity must write that decision down and apply it consistently. There is also no HHS certificate for this or any other Security Rule requirement. An assessor will test whether the sanction policy exists, is followed and is evidenced, not whether a seal has been issued.

Compliance leads usually run into trouble in three places. The first is a policy that exists only on paper, with no record that anyone has ever been sanctioned, warned or cleared under it. The second is unrecorded decisions: managers handle incidents informally, so there is no trail showing that similar violations received similar responses. The third is an unclear workforce definition. The Security Rule covers employees, contractors, trainees and volunteers, so a policy written only for employees leaves gaps that an assessor will notice. Before an audit request arrives, confirm who the policy covers, which violations it names, who decides on sanctions, and where each decision is recorded. The risk analysis should inform how strict the response must be for high-impact violations, such as sharing credentials or accessing records without a work reason.

Who the sanction policy covers and the scoping decisions that change the work

The sanction policy reaches every person whose work touches ePHI, not only employees on payroll. Most of the scoping work comes down to a few decisions: which policies a sanction can attach to, how the policy treats senior and clinical staff, how contractors and business associate staff are bound, and where the written agreements sit.

Defining the workforce

The Security Rule uses a broad workforce definition that covers employees, contractors, volunteers and trainees under the entity's direct control, whether or not they are paid by it. Your sanction policy must reach all of them, so start with an inventory of everyone who can reach ePHI systems, including temporary staff and students. Check the definition against your HR, badge and access records, since gaps usually appear in volunteer and trainee populations.

Linking sanctions to written policies

A sanction attaches to failing to comply with the entity's security policies and procedures, so the policy only works where those rules are written down and reachable. Map each sanctionable behavior, such as sharing credentials or bypassing encryption, to a specific policy section. Vague policies make sanctions hard to justify and hard to defend when OCR asks how you applied them.

Applying sanctions to executives and clinicians

The rule does not exempt senior leaders or licensed clinicians from the sanction policy, but the consequences often need a different path, such as involving the board, medical staff committees or professional licensing processes. Decide in advance who approves a sanction for each group and document that the same violation leads to a consistent response regardless of seniority. Confirm these steps with your counsel and medical staff bylaws.

Binding contractors through agreements

Contractors who are under the entity's direct control fall within the workforce, so the sanction policy applies to them directly. Where a contractor works for a different company, the entity usually relies on the contract to set consequences, such as removal of access or termination of the engagement. Write the sanction terms into the agreement and track who holds access to ePHI systems.

Business associate staff under the covered entity's policy

Business associate staff do not automatically fall under the covered entity's sanction policy. The business associate's own workforce is bound by the business associate's policy and by the Security Rule obligations the business associate agreement imposes. Confirm in each agreement which party sanctions a workforce member, how quickly violations are reported, and what evidence the covered entity can request.

Keeping sanction records consistent

Consistency is the test an assessor applies, so the sanction log should record the policy breached, the person's role, the decision and the reasons. A versioned wiki or documentation platform can keep each policy revision and its approval history, which helps show which rules were in force when a violation occurred. Confirm that your tool keeps this history before relying on it as evidence.

What the rule leaves to your policy, and what the proposed change would add

The current text of 45 CFR 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C) requires appropriate sanctions for workforce members who fail to comply with security policies and procedures, but it does not list specific sanctions, durations, warning stages or escalation steps. Those decisions belong to your organization. You will need to define the categories of violation, the range of responses for each (for example, retraining, written warning, suspension or termination), who decides, and how exceptions are recorded. How detailed the policy should be depends on the results of your risk analysis and on the size and structure of your workforce. A small practice with a handful of staff may need a short, clear matrix. A health system with contractors, residents and shared services staff will need more defined roles, approval paths and records to show the rules were applied the same way across units.

The January 6, 2025 proposed rule (90 FR 898) would add a requirement to review written sanction policies and procedures at least once every 12 months. This is a proposal, not a requirement in force. As of October 2026, no final rule has been published, and the latest Unified Agenda entry lists the rulemaking under Long-Term Actions. Until a final rule is published, the current rule governs. Confirm the current status in the Federal Register proposed rule and the Unified Agenda entry for RIN 0945-AA22 before you set a review calendar tied to that proposal.

A sensible approach is to review the sanction policy on a schedule you set now, document each review, and keep the review record with the policy version history. That way the policy will meet the current rule and can be adjusted quickly if a final rule adopts a 12-month cycle or changes the wording. Ask your counsel or compliance lead to confirm whether any state law or employment agreement limits the sanctions you can apply, since those limits will shape the policy regardless of what HHS finalizes.

How an assessor tests the sanction policy

This table compares six test approaches an assessor might use on the sanction policy, the evidence each one asks for, and the patterns that commonly surface. It is an illustrative view of how assessments tend to proceed, not an official audit procedure. Read it as a checklist for your own readiness review: if you cannot produce the evidence in the middle column, expect the finding in the right column.

Test approachEvidence requestedCommon findings
Confirm a written sanction policy exists and is approvedThe written sanction policy, its version history, and the approval record from the security official or managementPolicy exists only as an informal practice, has no owner or approval date, or is buried in an HR handbook
Check the policy links to the entity's security policiesA mapping or cross-reference from each sanctionable security rule (acceptable use, access, data handling) to the sanction tier that appliesSanctions name general misconduct but never mention specific security policy violations
Sample recorded violations and trace each to a documented sanctionIncident or violation tickets, the sanction decision for each, and the reason recorded for the outcomeViolations are logged but no sanction decision is recorded, or decisions are made verbally with no written rationale
Check sanctions look consistent across roles and over timeSanction records grouped by role, seniority and year, with comparable cases side by sideSenior staff receive lighter outcomes for the same violation, or the same breach draws different responses in different years
Check sanctioned staff had access to the policy and trainingAcknowledgment records, training completion for the individual, and the policy version they receivedSanctioned individuals never signed an acknowledgment, or training records do not cover the violated rule
Check whether the policy is reviewed on a set cycleReview dates, change log, and minutes showing who reviewed the policy and what changedNo review since adoption, or changes made after an incident without a documented decision

How to build a sanction policy that will hold up at audit

This sequence turns the required sanction policy under 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C) into a written, approved and published set of rules that are applied the same way to every workforce member, with records that show it happened.

  1. Confirm the workforce and policies in scope

    Start by defining who counts as workforce for sanction purposes, such as employees, contractors, volunteers, trainees and temporary staff, and list the security policies and procedures that sanctions will attach to. The security official and HR should agree this list against the written policy set. The output is a scope statement with a named policy inventory, and you know this step is complete when every policy a workforce member must follow appears on that list.

  2. Draft a graded sanction policy with a decision process

    Write the policy so it sets out a graded range of responses, from coaching and documented warnings through retraining, restricted access and removal, and explains which factors decide where a violation falls, such as intent, severity, data exposed and prior history. Include a documented decision process that names who reviews a case and who decides. The output is a draft policy and decision flow, and it is complete when a reviewer can follow it to a single response for a described incident.

  3. Obtain approval from security and discipline owners

    Send the draft to the security official and the executive who owns the workforce discipline process, and record their review comments and their approval. Approval should show who signed off, the version approved and the date. The output is an approved, versioned policy with a signed approval record, and you know the step is done when the approval is on file and the version number is fixed.

  4. Align with HR, legal and contract terms

    Check the approved draft against existing employment policies, disciplinary procedures, legal advice on employee rights and any collective bargaining agreement or contract terms that govern discipline. Where a conflict exists, document how it is resolved and get written confirmation from HR and legal. Confirm with your counsel which local employment requirements apply. The output is a reconciliation memo and a policy version that HR and legal have accepted.

  5. Publish the policy and collect acknowledgments

    Publish the approved policy in the location where workforce members already find procedures, and require each person in scope to acknowledge it. Record who acknowledged, when and which version they saw, and set a process for new hires, transferred staff and contractors. Use a system that keeps version history so you can show which text was in force at any date. The output is a published policy and an acknowledgment log, and the step closes when the log covers every workforce member in scope or lists those still outstanding.

  6. Create a case record for each violation

    Build a standard case template that captures the policy breached, the facts and evidence, the date of discovery, the people involved, the decision maker, the sanction applied, the reasoning under the graded scale and any appeal. Link each case to the relevant incident record where one exists. The output is a case template and a case register, and you know it works when a closed case can be reconstructed from its record alone.

  7. Schedule a periodic consistency review

    Set a recurring review of closed cases to check that similar violations received similar responses, that the policy was applied as written and that the policy still matches current security policies and the risk analysis. Record findings, decide on corrections and update the policy through the same approval path. The output is a review log with dated findings and any approved revisions. Confirm with counsel and the security official how often this review should run, since the proposed 2025 Security Rule revision would require review at least every 12 months but was not final as of October 2026.

Evidence that passes and how to keep it current between audits

Sanction policy evidence is only useful if it shows a consistent process over time, not a single document filed once. The cards below cover the artifacts an assessor or OCR investigator will ask for, how to keep them current between reviews, and the tools that can hold them.

Approved sanction policy with version history

The written sanction policy is the anchor artifact for 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C). Keep the approved version, its approval date, the approver, and every prior version with the reason for each change. Check that the policy states the categories of violation, the range of sanctions for each, and who decides. A policy that cannot show what it said on a given date weakens every case decided under it.

Linked security policies and procedures

A sanction policy only has force when it points to the rules workforce members are expected to follow. Maintain a register that links each sanction category to the specific security policies it enforces, such as acceptable use, access requests, password handling and device rules. Confirm that each linked policy exists, has an owner, and is at the version staff acknowledged. Broken or outdated links are a common gap an assessor finds first.

Case log with facts and decisions

For every violation reviewed, record the facts, the policy provisions involved, the individual's role and prior history, the sanction applied or the reason none was applied, and the approver. Store the log separately from personnel files and limit access to those who need it. Each entry should be traceable to the policy version in force at the time of the incident. Be aware that a log supports the decision record but does not replace the HR case file.

Workforce acknowledgments and training records

Assessors test whether workforce members knew the sanction policy existed before they were sanctioned under it. Keep signed or electronically recorded acknowledgments of the policy, dated and tied to the version acknowledged, along with training completion records for the security awareness program. Reconcile these against current headcount, including contractors and temporary staff who access ePHI, and confirm the process for new joiners and role changes.

Consistency review record

Sanctions must be applied consistently across similar violations, so periodically compare recent cases against each other and against the policy. Record the review date, the cases sampled, the reviewer, any inconsistencies found, and the corrective action. Confirm that the reviewer is independent of the cases they examine where practical. The proposed 2025 revision would require written sanction policies to be reviewed at least once every 12 months, but that change is not final, so check current requirements before setting the cycle.

Ownership and change approval for evidence

Name one owner for the sanction policy and one for each evidence record, usually the security official working with HR and legal. Define how changes are proposed, reviewed, approved and published, and who may retire an old version. Record each approval with its date. Keep the approval workflow in a system that prevents silent edits, and confirm with your legal and HR teams which changes need their sign-off before publication.

Wiki version control for policy records

XWiki keeps every page change under version control, recording what changed, when and by whom, and lets users compare any two versions and roll back to an earlier one. That history can show an assessor the policy text in force on a given date. Confirm that the wiki's audit trail, access controls and backup meet your own retention and confidentiality needs, and that it is not the only copy of any approved record. XWiki is LGPL-2.1-or-later.

Role-based access in BookStack

BookStack assigns user abilities through roles and allows permissions to be overridden per role at the shelf, book, chapter or page level. Use this to limit who can edit the sanction policy and case log while letting HR and managers read the relevant pages. Test the role configuration before relying on it, because overrides can make effective access hard to see. Confirm the fit with your own environment and identity setup. BookStack is MIT licensed.

Who owns the sanction policy, who can help and where the auditor stops

The covered entity or business associate owns the sanction policy and every decision made under it. The security official is responsible for the Security Rule policies that sanctions enforce, while human resources and legal decide what a sanction looks like in employment terms, and managers supply the facts about what happened. Under 45 CFR 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C), the organization must apply appropriate sanctions to workforce members who fail to follow its security policies. Because the outcome can end in discipline or dismissal, no external party can make that call.

  • Policy ownership: The security official and HR jointly approve the written sanction policy, including the levels of response and who signs off on each.
  • Case decisions: HR and legal decide each sanction, record the reasoning, and confirm it fits existing employment rules and labor agreements.
  • Case records: Managers document what the workforce member did, when, and what policy applied, and the records are retained with the other security documentation.
  • Consistency checks: The security official reviews sanctions across departments so similar violations receive comparable responses.

Check that your internal owners can show who approved the policy, who made each decision, and where the records are kept.

What meeting the sanction policy requirement costs in money and effort

This table breaks the sanction policy requirement into its cost components, showing who is paid for each, whether the cost is one-time or recurring, and what drives it up or down. Most of the effort is internal people time, while the record-keeping layer can be self-hosted open-source tooling with no license fee. No dollar figures or durations are supplied for this requirement, so use the final column to set what each written quote should itemize.

Cost componentOne-time or recurringWhat drives it and how to keep it downWhat to request in a written quote
Internal time to draft and approve the sanction policy with HR and legalOne-time, then revised as neededNumber of HR policies it must align with, number of approval rounds, and whether a template already exists. Reuse existing disciplinary procedures to shorten drafting.Each deliverable and review round, with who drafts, who approves, and any hours or days assumed
Legal review of employment terms and disciplinary stepsOne-time, plus review when employment law or contracts changeJurisdictions where staff work, union or works-council obligations, and how many contract templates reference the policy. Limit the review to the policy text and its references.Whether legal review is included, which jurisdictions it covers, and whether re-review after changes is included
Training on the policy and acknowledgment trackingRecurring, usually tied to annual training cyclesWorkforce size, number of roles, and whether the policy is folded into existing security awareness training. Tracking in an existing learning system keeps this cost low.Who delivers training, how acknowledgments are collected and stored, and how often staff must re-acknowledge
Case record setup and ongoing upkeepSetup is one-time; upkeep is recurringVolume of incidents, required fields, and retention period. Self-hosted open-source wiki or document tools with version history can hold case records without a license fee, but hosting, backup and access administration still need staff time.Platform and hosting model, whether licenses are included, backup and access administration responsibilities, and retention settings
Periodic consistency review of sanction decisionsRecurring, at least as often as the policy review cycleNumber of cases per period and number of managers deciding sanctions. Clear decision criteria and a single case log reduce review time. The proposed 2025 rule would require review at least every 12 months, but it is not final.Review frequency, reviewer roles, sample size, and the report format the reviewer will produce
External drafting help, if bought inOne-time for drafting, optional recurring for updatesScope of the engagement, whether HR and legal already have a draft, and whether the outside party's work is reviewed internally. Outside drafting does not transfer accountability for the policy.Fixed deliverables, named responsibilities, revision rounds included, and what remains the organization's decision
Auditor or assessor sampling time at assessmentRecurring, at each assessmentNumber of sanction cases the assessor samples, how many documents must be produced per case, and how quickly records can be retrieved. Clean, indexed case records shorten sampling time.Assessor's sampling approach, the evidence list requested, and whether preparation support is separate from the assessment fee

Why consistency across cases matters more than the policy text

A sanction policy that reads well on paper can still fail the standard if it is applied unevenly. Assessors and OCR complaint investigators look for patterns across cases rather than the wording of the document alone. The questions they tend to ask are practical: did two employees who accessed a record without authorization receive comparable outcomes, was the policy ever applied to a manager or executive, and can the organization show the reasoning behind each decision. A policy that has never been invoked against senior staff, or one where a clinician and an administrator who committed the same violation were treated differently without documented justification, invites the conclusion that the policy is not operating as written.

A short consistency review, run on a fixed schedule, is the most practical way to catch this drift before an auditor does. The review compares recent sanction decisions against the written tiers, checks that each decision cites the policy provision it relied on, confirms that HR, the security official and department managers recorded the same facts, and flags any violation category that has produced no action for a long period. The owner should be the person who already holds the security responsibility under 164.308(a)(2), with HR and legal reviewing the outcomes. The output is a dated record of what was reviewed, what was found and what changed, which is the evidence most useful to show that the policy is maintained.

HHS has proposed a review cycle that would require written sanction policies and procedures to be reviewed at least once every 12 months, as described in the January 2025 proposed rule (90 FR 898). That requirement is not final as of October 2026, so the current rule does not set a review interval. Even so, a yearly consistency review is a sensible planning choice because it aligns with the proposal and with how the risk analysis is typically refreshed. Confirm the current status of the rulemaking before you write a review interval into a contract or procedure, and align your schedule with whatever your counsel and compliance lead decide the current rule requires.

Where organizations usually fall short on sanctions and how to close each gap

The sanction policy is short on paper, so most shortfalls appear in how it is applied, recorded and communicated. The cards below cover the gaps assessors and OCR investigators most often find, each with one fix you can act on this quarter.

A policy nobody has applied

Many organizations hold a written sanction policy that has never been used, so there is no evidence it works. Assessors look for proof that the policy operates, not just that it exists. Check your incident and HR records for the last two or three years. If no sanction has ever been recorded, that gap is visible to an auditor, and your risk analysis should explain how violations are being handled. Where cases exist, confirm each one maps to a documented outcome.

Verbal sanctions with no record

Managers often correct staff in conversation and never write it down. The rule expects appropriate sanctions to be applied, and a sanction you cannot show is hard to defend in an investigation. Create a short sanction record template covering the person's role, the policy breached, the date, the decision and the follow-up. Store it in the HR or compliance system with restricted access. Ask HR to confirm that every disciplinary step touching security has a matching entry.

Contractors outside the policy

Contractors, locum staff and business associate personnel who access ePHI are often not bound by the workforce sanction policy. The Security Rule's general rules require covered entities and business associates to ensure compliance by their workforce, so the gap sits in contract terms. Review your contracts and business associate agreements for language that requires the vendor to sanction its own staff for security violations and to report outcomes to you. Where a contract is silent, amend it before the next access grant.

Uneven treatment of executives

When senior leaders receive lighter consequences for the same violation, the policy loses credibility and the inconsistency becomes an audit finding. The fix is a documented rule that the same violation produces a consistent range of sanctions regardless of seniority, with any deviation approved and justified in writing. Ask leadership to sign the policy and review the last set of decisions for this pattern. Record the reason for any exception so the file explains itself.

Policy not tied to security rules

A generic conduct policy that does not name specific security requirements makes it hard to show which violations trigger sanctions. Map the sanction policy to your own security policies, such as password handling, device use, access sharing and record disposal. Each listed violation should point to the policy section it breaches. Keep this mapping in a controlled document, for example in a wiki with version history, so you can show which version applied at the time of an incident.

Training that skips consequences

Security training that explains controls but never states what happens after a breach leaves staff unaware that the sanction policy exists. Include the sanction policy in onboarding and annual training, with examples of violations and their outcomes. Record attendance and acknowledgment for each workforce member. Confirm with your security official that the training content matches the current policy wording, and review it whenever the policy changes.

Questions buyers ask about the sanction policy before hiring help

How much effort does a HIPAA sanction policy take to write and maintain?

Drafting the policy is usually a short piece of work, but making it hold up takes more: agreeing the sanction levels with HR and legal, linking them to the security policies they enforce, and keeping a record of every application. The effort is driven by how many policies the organization has, how many workforce groups it covers (employees, contractors, volunteers, trainees), and how mature its HR disciplinary process already is. Most of the recurring effort is documentation: logging decisions and reviewing the policy as the rule changes. The January 2025 proposal would require written sanction policies to be reviewed at least once every 12 months, but that is proposed, not final, so confirm the current status before you build a schedule around it. Ask any partner to separate one-time drafting from ongoing review in the quote.

Can a small practice write its own HIPAA sanction policy in-house?

Yes, a small practice can usually draft a sanction policy in-house, provided someone with authority over workforce discipline is involved. The rule requires appropriate sanctions for workforce members who fail to follow security policies, but it does not prescribe specific penalties, so the policy must reflect the practice's own employment practices. The practice still needs a written link between each sanction level and the security policies it enforces, a way to document each decision, and a process the whole workforce knows about. Where internal staff lack time or experience with employment law, an outside adviser can review the draft. Confirm with your employment counsel that the wording fits your state and existing contracts before you adopt it.

What does the sanction policy need from HR, legal and the security official?

The sanction policy is a shared document, and each function owns a different part of it. The security official, named under the assigned security responsibility standard, owns the link to the security policies and the record of how violations were identified. HR owns the disciplinary steps, consistency across departments and personnel files. Legal reviews the wording against employment agreements, union terms where they apply, and state law. Leadership should confirm who can approve sanctions above a set level. Agree these roles in writing before drafting starts, because a sanction that HR applies without the security official's record of the violation is hard to defend later.

How long does it take to build a sanction policy with outside help?

The timeline depends on the number of policies it must link to, the state of the existing HR disciplinary process, and how quickly HR and legal can review drafts. Before any work begins, ask for a written scope that lists the policies covered, the workforce groups included, the review rounds, and who signs off. Timing also depends on how fast your organization can gather existing policies and personnel procedures. Neither the rule nor HHS guidance sets a duration for this work, so treat any timeline in a proposal as the partner's estimate tied to that scope, and ask what would extend it.

Will an auditor certify our HIPAA sanction policy?

No. There is no HIPAA certification, and HHS states that no Security Rule standard requires an entity to certify compliance. HHS does not endorse or recognize private certifications, so no auditor can issue a HIPAA certificate for the sanction policy. An independent assessor can examine whether the policy exists, whether it is applied, and whether the records support that, and the output is that assessor's own report, not a government approval. Your organization owns the policy and its enforcement. A consultant can prepare the policy and evidence, but only the organization can decide and apply sanctions.

Can a HIPAA consultant make employment decisions for us?

No. A consultant can draft the policy, map it to the Security Rule, and help design the record-keeping, but the organization must decide whether a specific workforce member is sanctioned and what the sanction is. Those decisions belong to management and HR under the organization's own employment rules. A consultant or implementation partner should not act as the decision-maker or the disciplinary authority. Keep a clear written record that states who made each decision and on what evidence, so that the organization can show consistent application.

What should we ask a partner for in a scoped quote for a sanction policy?

Ask for a written scope that lists each deliverable, such as the policy document, a sanction matrix, a violation record template, and a review checklist. The quote should state which policies the sanction policy will reference, which workforce groups are covered, how many review rounds are included, and what the organization must supply, such as existing HR procedures and contracts. Ask which parts are one-time and which are recurring, such as annual reviews or updates after rule changes. Confirm that the partner prepares the materials but does not issue certifications or make disciplinary decisions. Any fixed-price or fixed-scope agreement should be documented before work starts.

How DeployOpen prepares sanction policy evidence

DeployOpen prepares the systems, written procedures and records that show a sanction policy is applied consistently for 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(C). The covered entity or business associate still owns the policy, decides on sanctions, and decides what the policy says, and only an independent assessor can test the result.

How we scope

  • The written scope lists which systems holding ePHI, workforce groups and policy documents the sanction policy evidence covers.
  • We confirm with your team which policy owner, HR contact and security official approve sanctions and where records are kept.
  • Scope also names the open-source platforms in use, such as XWiki or BookStack, and the access roles that control who can edit the policy.

How we build

  • We set up a documented sanction policy page with version control, so every change records what changed, when and by whom.
  • We configure role-based permissions so only designated owners can edit the policy, while the workforce can read it.
  • We map each security policy violation category to a documented response step, so application of sanctions follows the same path each time.

How we hand over

  • You receive the configured policy pages, permission settings and a short operating procedure for logging each sanction decision.
  • We provide a sample evidence pack, such as a dated sanction log template and a review record, for your assessor to examine.
  • Handover includes a walkthrough with your security official so they can explain how the evidence is produced and retained.

How we support

  • Engagements are fixed-scope, with scope and deliverables agreed in writing before work starts.
  • Ongoing support, updates and periodic review of the sanction policy evidence are available as a retainer.
  • Confirm with your legal and HR advisers that the policy language matches employment terms and any state or labor law requirements.

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